基于机器视觉的马铃薯晚疫病快速识别

晚疫病是马铃薯的一种严重病害,可造成减产甚至绝收。因此马铃薯晚疫病的识别与控制对提高其产量有非常重要的意义。该文基于机器视觉技术对马铃薯叶部晚疫病进行检测,根据马铃薯叶片上晚疫病斑的颜色、纹理和形状特征参数的不同,提取叶片表面的特征参数,并建立数学模型对病害程度做出评价。在RGB、HSV颜色空间中,根据马铃薯叶片在患病早期叶片颜色发生变化且与健康叶片不同,利用颜色特征,建立马铃薯晚疫病的无病和患病模型,该模型对马铃薯患病早期的识别率为67.5%。利用灰度共生矩阵,采用纹理统计参数进行病害等级评价,用熵值和能量值描述晚疫病的严重程度,纹理特征对患病程度的识别率比较稳定,对患病中期与后期的识别率分别为72.5%与80%。利用形状特征的相对特征,根据病斑面积比进行晚疫病诊断,该方法对马铃薯叶片晚疫病患病后期的诊断取得较好效果,识别率为90%,但由于叶片患病早期的病斑面积小且分散,识别难度大,识别率仅为50%。针对颜色、纹理及形状特征在识别马铃薯叶片晚疫病时的优势与局限性,提出颜色纹理形状特征结合的识别方法,对患病中期与后期的识别率分别为90%和92.5%。通常马铃薯晚疫病的理化值检测法耗时数天,但利用机器视觉识别马铃薯晚疫病患病情况非常快速,根据颜色特征进行病害识别的时间约为4 s,纹理特征识别的时间为7 s,形状特征特征识别的时间为3 s,综合颜色纹理形状特征的识别由于计算量较大,识别时间为9 s。该研究可为基于机器视觉的马铃薯晚疫病的快速检测提供理论依据。     

广东梅州柑橘黄龙病和病毒病的发生调查及其黄龙病菌原噬菌体多样性

【目的】调查柑橘黄龙病（Huanglongbing,HLB）和病毒病在广东省梅州市柑橘主产区的危害情况,分析该地区柑橘黄龙病菌（CLas）的原噬菌体多样性。【方法】以16S rDNA为模板设计引物,利用实时荧光定量PCR（qPCR)检测梅州市不同抽检地在2017—2019年3年间柑橘黄龙病的发病情况;同时分别采用已报道的柑橘衰退病毒（Citrus tristeza virus,CTV）、柑橘裂皮病毒（Citrus exocortis viroid,CEVd）、柑橘褪绿矮缩病毒（Citrus chlorotic dwarf-associated virus,CCDaV）、柑橘碎叶病毒（Citrus tatter leaf virus,CTLV）和柑橘黄脉病毒（Citrus yellow vein clearing virus,CYVCV）的特异性检测引物,提取样品的RNA,反转后以样品的cDNA为模板,通过普通PCR的方法分析梅州市抽检地区柑橘病毒病的发生情况。此外,以基于2种原噬菌体类型（SC1和SC2）对应的超变异基因区域设计的2对引物（Lap-TJ-F/Lap-TJ-R1和Lap-TJ-F/Lap-TJ-R2）,运用普通PCR方法分析该地区CLas菌株原噬菌体的遗传多样性。【结果】除2018年9月梅州大浦顺兴公司蜜柚基地的抽检样品外,梅州市其他被检地区均发现CLas。总体来说,梅州市的脐橙CLas检出率为55.3%,蜜柚为61.5%,沙田柚为61.7%。其中2017年采集自平原县大拓镇的蜜柚和沙田柚样品CLas检出率为100%,兴宁市白马镇的蜜柚为100%,沙田柚为80%;其他抽检地区的样品CLas检出率在16.7%—83.3%。虽然梅州市部分地区的检出率较高,但其病原菌的含量并不高,大部分处于柑橘黄龙病发病初、中期,属可防可控阶段;此外,梅州市柑橘病毒的总检出率不高,CTV、CTLV和CYVCV为梅州的主要病毒,CEVd和CCDaV没有检测到。CTV、CTLV和CYVCV在脐橙上的检出率依次为78.9%、7.9%和21.1%,蜜柚为15.4%、25.0%和9.6%,沙田柚为6.4%、2.1%和4.3%。基于Lap-TJ-F/Lap-TJ-R1和Lap-TJ-F/Lap-TJ-R2来研究CLas原噬菌体多样性的PCR扩增条带共有4种类型（SC1-1、SC1-2、SC2-1和SC2-2）,经过PCR电泳和测序得出,来自梅州市脐橙和沙田柚的CLas菌株以SC2-1型为主,蜜柚上以SC1-1型为主。【结论】梅州柑橘产区的柑橘黄龙病目前属于可防可控阶段,其病原菌菌株的原噬菌体在不同品种上具有其独特性;由于在抽检时发现有柑橘病毒病的存在,因此在种植过程中需加强种苗监管,同时应采取有效措施对柑橘黄龙病和柑橘木虱（Diaphorina citri）进行绿色防控。     

Trx-1 over-expression attenuates oxidative stress injury in MPP+ -induced PC12 cells by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway

AIM:To investigate the inhibitory effect of thioredoxin 1 (Trx-1) over-expression on oxidative stress injury in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺)-induced rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway.METHODS:The PC12 cells were damaged by treatment with MPP⁺ at 1, 3 and 5 mmol/L, and the optimal concentration of 3 mmol/L was selected. The cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The oxidative stress indexes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the cell culture supernatant were detected, and the protein expression of Trx-1 was determined by Western blot. Lentiviral infection with Ad-Trx-1-GFP sequence was used to establish a model of MPP⁺-treated PC12 cells with Trx-1 over-expression. The effects of Trx-1 over-expression on the cell viability, oxidative stress responses and NF-κB signaling pathway were determined by MTT assay, commercial kits and Western blot. The effects of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), an activator of NF-κB signaling pathway, on the viability and oxidative stress of PC12 cells were observed. The NF-κB signaling pathway inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) was used in MPP⁺-treated PC12 cells with Trx-1 over-expression, and the cell viability and oxidative stress responses were measured. RESULTS:The viability of PC12 cells, SOD activity in the supernatant and protein expression of Trx-1 were decreased, while LDH activity and MDA content in the supernatant were increased significantly by treatment with MPP⁺ at 1, 3 and 5 mmol/L. The effect of MPP⁺ at 3 mmol/L and 5 mmol/L was significantly greater than that at 1 mmol/L (P<0.05), and no significant difference between 3 mmol/L and 5 mmol/L was observed (P>0.05). The inhibitory effect of MPP⁺ on the viability of PC12 cells, and the oxidative stress injury and activation of NF-κB signaling pathway induced by MPP⁺ were significantly attenuated by over-expression of Trx-1. The inhibitory effect of MPP⁺ on the viability of PC12 cells and the oxidative stress injury induced by MPP⁺ were promoted by the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway, while the protective effects of Trx-1 over-expression on the MPP⁺-treated PC12 cells were enhanced by the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway. CONCLUSION:Over-expression of Trx-1 protects MPP⁺-treated PC12 cells from oxidative stress injury by regulating NF-κB signaling pathway.     

薄皮甜瓜新品种‘陕甜9号’

‘陕甜9号’是用‘E13’作母本,‘C20’作父本杂交育成优质抗病薄皮甜瓜新品种。植株生长势中强,果实短梨形,平均单果质量500 g,果皮光滑,黄白色,果肉浅绿至白色,中心可溶性固形物含量14.7%,耐贮运。全生育期85～100 d,果实发育期28～32 d,抗病、抗逆性较强。适应于黑龙江、河北、甘肃、新疆等地区保护地及露地栽培。     

不同播期对黄秋葵长势、抗病性和产量的影响

为在河北省推广种植黄秋葵,在安国、保定、邯郸、衡水和石家庄5个试验点进行黄秋葵分期播种试验,研究了不同播期对石秋葵1号、红玉和五福3个品种生长势、抗病性和产量的影响。结果表明:播期对石秋葵1号、红玉和五福生长势、抗病性和产量具有较大的影响,随着播期的推迟,3个品种的茎粗大致呈逐渐增高的趋势,株高呈先降后升的趋势(除2018年的红玉外),单株结果数则先增加后减少,单果质量(除五福外)逐渐增大;以4月20日、25日和30日为播期,得到的黄秋葵单株产量和折合667 m~2产量较高。综合得出,河北省黄秋葵种植以4月20日、25日、30日为播期最为适宜。     

甜瓜叶斑病病原鉴定及室内药剂筛选

【目的】明确近年来引起甘肃大棚甜瓜叶斑病的病原,为该病害的有效防治提供参考依据。【方法】本试验分别采用组织分离法、单孢分离法和生长速率法,对甜瓜叶斑病病原菌及其物学特性和室内药剂筛选进行了研究。【结果】将引起甜瓜叶斑病病原菌病原菌鉴定为多隔链格孢(Alternaira peponicola( Rabenhorst ) simmous)和瓜链格孢(Alternaria cucumerina(Ell.et Ev.)Elliott.)；这两种链格孢生长的最适温度为30℃、光照、适宜培养基分别为完全光照、甜瓜煎汁培养基和完全黑暗、PDA；室内药剂筛选发现不同药剂对不同病原菌抑菌率不同,其中10%苯醚甲环唑、40%氟硅唑、50%福美双、70%代森锰锌对多隔链格孢菌抑菌率均在84%以上,分别为96.66%、94.46%、90.82%、84.37%,其EC₅₀分别为17.89μg/mL、3.41μg/mL、44.27μg/mL、42.34μg/mL；50%醚菌酯、43%戊唑醇、40%腈菌唑对瓜链格孢抑菌作用较好,抑菌率均在85%以上,分别为98.20%、90.82%、85.43%,其EC₅₀分别为3.45μg/mL、21.35μg/mL、5.21μg/mL。【结论】研究结果为甜瓜叶斑病的有效防治提供了依据。     

甜菜抗褐斑病种质资源的研究现状

甜菜抗褐斑病种质资源是甜菜种质资源中具有褐斑病抗性基因并且能稳定传递给子代的种质资源,是甜菜抗褐斑病育种工作的物质基础,也是农业可持续发展的战略资源。甜菜抗褐斑病种质资源研究的主要内容包括对甜菜品种的收集、鉴定与评价、保存、利用以及抗性遗传基因的克隆及利用。为了使人们更加清晰的了解甜菜抗褐斑病种质资源的研究状况。本文综述了甜菜抗褐斑病种质资源的收集、鉴定与评价、保存、利用及分子方面的研究,并对我国未来种质资源的研究作出展望。以期为以后甜菜抗褐斑病种质资源的研究提供方向。     

Neuroprotective effect of novel Rho kinase inhibitor FSD-C10 on a mouse model of Alzheimer disease

AIM: To explore the neuroprotective effect of novel Rho kinase inhibitor FSD-C10 on Alzheimer disease (AD) model of APP/PS1 double transgenic (Tg) mice. METHODS: Male APP/PS1 Tg mice (n=20) at 8 months of age were randomly divided into 2 groups:model group and FSD-C10 treatment group. The mice were treated with normal saline or FSD-C10 (25 mg·kg^-1·d^-1) by intraperitoneal injection, once daily for 2 months. Age-and sex-matched wild-type (WT) mice without treatment were used as the control. The Morris water maze (MWM) test and SMART 3.0 behavioral record system were applied to examine and analyze the spatial cognitive function of the mice. The protein levels and distribution of Aβ, p-tau and synapse-associated proteins such as synaptophysin, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) were determined by immunofluorescence staining. The protein levels of phosphorylated amyloid precursor protein at Thr668[p-APP(Thr668)], beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and synapse-associated proteins in the brain were analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with model group, FSD-C10 treatment significantly improved the cognitive function of the APP/PS1 Tg mice, accompanied by reduced Aβ deposition and p-tau level, increased protein level of p-APP (Thr668) in the central nervous system, decreased expression of BACE1, and increased expression of synapse-associated proteins in the brain of the mice (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: FSD-C10 has neuroprotective potential in the APP/PS1 Tg mice. The mechanism may be related to enhancing the non-amyloidogenic APP cleavage pathway, reducing the production of Aβ oligomers, the deposition of senile plaques and the amount of tau protein, up-regulating synapse-associated proteins, and increasing synaptic plasticity.     

凡纳滨对虾养殖体系中群体感应淬灭菌的筛选、安全性评估及发酵条件优化

从凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamai)养殖体系中筛选得到具有群体感应淬灭(Quorum quenching, QQ)活性的潜在功能菌，并对菌株进行16S rDNA鉴定、安全性评估及发酵条件优化。采用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens) A136液体X-gal法进行活性菌株筛选，发现2株细菌(BDZ5和W1B)的发酵液对信号分子己酰基高丝氨酸内酯(C6-HSL)具有显著的降解作用，但经沸水浴处理后均丧失降解活性。经16S rDNA基因序列分析，菌株BDZ5和W1B分别被鉴定为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)和科贝特氏菌属(Cobetia)。安全性评估结果显示，菌株BDZ5和W1B均无溶血性，且对多数抗生素具有敏感性，注射2株活性菌未提高凡纳滨对虾死亡率，且对凡纳滨对虾血清免疫酶活性无显著影响。单因素条件优化结果显示，在起始pH为7.0、盐度为20、0.0005%的MnCl2条件下培养48 h后，菌株BDZ5达到最大生长量；在起始pH为6.0、盐度为40、0.05%的CaCl2条件下培养48 h，菌株W1B达到最大生长量。2株菌的最适信号分子C6-HSL降解条件与其生长条件有所不同，在起始pH为7.5、盐度为30、0.0005%的MnCl2条件下培养48 h，2株活性菌对信号分子C6-HSL的降解率达到最大值。研究表明，菌株BDZ5和W1B可作为益生菌应用于水产养殖，为基于QQ角度防治对虾细菌性病害提供优良菌种。